Causes
Causes of Kidney Stones
Kidney stones form when certain substances in the urine, such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid, become highly concentrated and crystallize. Various factors can contribute to the formation of these stones. Here are the primary causes:
01.
Dehydration
Insufficient fluid intake is a major cause of kidney stones. Not drinking enough water can lead to highly concentrated urine, increasing the risk of stone formation. Hot climate or excessive exercise can also lead to dehydration and concentrated urine.
02.
Diet
Certain dietary habits can increase the risk of kidney stones. Consuming high oxalate foods such as spinach, nuts, and chocolate can elevate oxalate levels in the urine. A high sodium intake can lead to increased calcium in the urine, while a high protein diet, particularly from animal sources, can increase uric acid levels and reduce urinary citrate, which helps prevent stones. Sugary foods and beverages can also contribute to kidney stone formation.
03.
Medical Conditions
Several medical conditions can predispose individuals to kidney stones. Hyperparathyroidism, where overactive parathyroid glands increase calcium levels in the urine, is one such condition. Renal tubular acidosis, which causes the kidneys to fail to excrete acids into the urine, can also lead to stone formation. Genetic disorders like cystinuria cause the kidneys to excrete excessive amounts of cystine. Gout, characterized by high levels of uric acid in the blood, can result in uric acid stones.
04.
Medications & Supplements
Certain medications and supplements can increase the risk of kidney stones. Some diuretics can elevate the concentration of substances in the urine. Antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV can also raise the risk. Excessive use of calcium-based antacids can lead to increased calcium in the urine, and high doses of vitamin D can increase calcium absorption and contribute to stone formation.
05.
Genetics
A family history of kidney stones increases an individual’s risk. Inherited disorders such as cystinuria and primary hyperoxaluria are genetic conditions that can lead to stone formation.
06.
Other Factors
Obesity can increase the risk of kidney stones by altering the acid balance in the urine. Digestive diseases and surgeries, such as inflammatory bowel disease or gastric bypass surgery, can change calcium and water absorption, increasing the risk. Urinary tract infections can lead to the formation of struvite stones.